My Manifesto

In the run up to the election I thought I’d consider a revolution: where the intellectual elite are in charge! It’s controversial but since no-one trusts politicians anymore we need something else to replace them.

A technocracy is a ruling system where experts (academic and otherwise) construct policy within their specific fields, utilising their problem solving skills and knowledge to run and improve the situation. So unlike in a democracy, the people in charge are not elected by the public but by accolade of their work and experience.  See appendix 1 if you want a quick explanation of how our government currently works.

Would the country be run better if it was in the hands of scientists, engineers, doctors, serving generals of the armed forces and economists?

All the major political parties are talking about cutting down on bureaucracy, removing middle managers from the NHS and Whitehall, cutting down on administration costs etc… So how about getting rid of the politicians (who are incredibly expensive as we have all discovered) and just let the people who know about stuff to do stuff?!

Ironically, half the problem with politicians is that they are accountable – they will lose their job if they do a bad job. This causes a problem because it’s you and me who make that call, and personally I know nothing about running a hospital and even less about the needs of the armed forces, we do not have the knowledge to make that call. To make matters worse we’re ridiculously influenced by external factors; we don’t read spending reviews or logistical reports, we read newspapers and watch TV.   

MPs have advisors of different sorts, of course they don’t have to listen to them and often don’t – we all know about the David Nutt fiasco. Furthermore, ministers are not elected to be ministers and nor do they need to be qualified for the department in which they are placed. So it seems to me that the ministers who have ultimate control over policy to not fulfil democratic or technocratic requirements.

Adam Afriyie, the Tory Science Spokesperson and therefore likely Science Minister, openly said “I think, that any minister and any secretary of state, if they have an adviser, should be able to dismiss them on any terms at all – even if they just don’t like them”! I except he probably didn’t mean it to sound as bad as it does, but it clearly demonstrates that politicians will always think they know best despite having spent only 20 minutes reading a brief as opposed to the person who has spent 20 years studying it.  

Technocrats would look at the problem, draw on their experience as a group and create a logical solution not based on right-wing media pressure or hysterical mothers but on reasoned evidence. In my technocratic utopia a loud minority would not be able to force their agenda, policy would be transparent – politicians will never admit that their policy was based on a strongly worded letter from the CEOs of RBS and Barclays –evidence will speak for itself. The newspapers might scream their usual horror but it wouldn’t matter because the only way to change the policy would be to prove it doesn’t work. As technocrats would be on committees the radical opinion of one man wouldn’t be able to lead the country, it would be a democracy but only for a select few that have devoted their lives to understanding the problem rather than besmirching the opposition and kissing babies.

The salaries of MPs alone in 2008/2009 was £157.2m, the total cost of Parliament was £498.4m. At the moment academic advisors who advise ministers do so for free, because they want to see their work improve lives, research is time consuming and not particularly financially rewarding, we do it because it interests us and it helps mankind. Aren’t people who have devoted their lives to developing renewable energy sources or reducing poverty in third world countries better qualified to solve those problems than someone who craves power and got their job by pushing leaflets through letterboxes?  

 

Appendix 1: You might want to know what the system is now. Basically, we elect politicians as MPs to represent our constituencies, these people are meant to be accountable to the public because their job depends on your vote. MPs can then become ministers if they are part of the ruling government (note that we do not vote for them to become ministers), ministers can be in charge of departments such as health and defence meaning they have a direct say in how these areas are managed. Another way MPs, of government or opposition, can get involved in directing policy is on select committees, which are groups of MPs tasked with investigating special interests such as drugs policy or mental health provisions. These committees can only make suggestions to government, which then may have to go through parliament to become law – though not everything has to become law for it to affect policy of course; the government have a large degree of autonomy to make decisions on subjects such as funding or education. There are then the unelected civil servants who do a very wide range of tasks, but for the purpose of this blog they collect information and advise ministers on what to do. Finally, there are governmental advisors who are experts and also advise ministers and policy makers.

Dancing to Darwin

 

Michael Hunter


You would think only talented –and very flexible – human beings could recreate the works of Tchaikovsky.

But the dances in classic ballets such as Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker show striking similarities to the evolutionary movement of exotic birds, according to new research.

The University of Cambridge’s Professor Nicky Clayton says the ballet-like movement of birds such as the Blue Manakin and the Lawes’s Parotia highlights a link between art and evolution.

Professor Clayton went on to treat over one hundred guests at Gell Street’s Humanities Research Institute to a fascinating discussion about the social behaviour, intelligence and dance credentials of members of the Crow family.

Her talk last week was the latest event in the University of Sheffield’s Arts-Science Encounters.

The programme brings together researchers from the university’s five faculties – as well as visiting academics – to stimulate debate about how knowledge is pursued in different fields of research.

Dr Jessica Dubow, co-director of the Arts-Science Encounters, said: “The… event represented everything that Sheffield’s Arts-Science Encounters is about; how all forms of creativity share the same roots in curiosity, wonder, and exploration.

“Last night, the science of bird behaviour came together with the beauty of dance in a wonderful mix which showed just how exciting real interdisciplinary thinking can be.”

The Arts Science Encounters events are free and open to the general public. The next is on April 27 entitled ‘The Science and Poetry of Magnetic Resonance Imaging’.

BCA drop their case against Simon Singh

The British Chiropractic Association (BCA) has dropped it’s case against Dr Simon Singh, whom they were suing for libel after Simon said in a Guardian comment piece that the BCA were wrong to support chiropractic treatments that had no evidential support. You can read more of the background in earlier posts on this blog.

As a result of the case Jack Straw says he is considering changing the law and the Lib Dems have made the issue a key pledge of their manifesto.

We can only hope that the BCA have to pay all of Dr Singh’s legal fees, apparently he stands a good chance of getting most back but he’s still suffered a great deal of lost earnings not to mention the mental stress of facing bankruptcy for the past two years! Though it’s been painful for him, at least the highly public case is bringing about positive change. Along with email hacking and advisor sacking 2009 was a rough year for scientists in the public eye, however, the public have shown that they support the work and reasoning of scientists which is something I find very reassuring.

Though government looks likely to act this time we must keep up the pressure; a politician’s memory is only as long as today’s headline so please, if you haven’t done so already, sign up at www.libelreform.org.  

Wanted: cool scientists?!

 Labour has been pushing the idea of a new technology-based economy ever since their new-fangled “financial” economy went… errr… tits up! For this, they say we need lots of future scientists, politicians want more students to study the sciences (note how few of them did); there is talk of financial incentives to take the “harder” subjects rather than say… golf course management.

At the science in the media debate that I chaired this Saturday one member of the audience asked why we thought there are more science programmes on TV at the moment. There was some debate on whether this statement was true or not – we all remember a lot of nature programmes from our childhood – but I think what is true is that there’s a new breed of presenter for these series – the rock star scientist. Now I’m sure you’re thinking “just because Brian Cox used to be in D:Ream!”, well yes, but there’s also Alice Roberts and Liz Bonnin; they’re not and never were in a band but they are real scientists, they are successful and they are hot!

What I’m getting at is that the programming now includes people who show that scientists needn’t be boring arses that you wouldn’t want to be, in short, they are role models. Which brings me back to the part about the government, I think (and I have no evidence for this) that the BBC’s programming tows the government’s policy line, at least for education. For example last year there was a series on BBC 3 (the teenager’s BBC of choice) which clearly promoted apprenticeships; there was best young hairdresser, best young butcher and best young mechanic. Now our screens are full of young, enthusiastic and slightly maverick scientists (Brain Cox said that anyone who thinks the LHC is going to create a black hole is a twat!).  Does it make you want to be a scientist? A Ph.D might be worth it if I can publicly call people twats and others will listen.

I think it’s good that people realise we’re not all socially inept, Star-Trek loving, dungeons and dragons playing super nerds (I’m going to get in trouble now for slagging off Star Trek); from personal experience I know that scientists are composed of the same fractions of society as everyone else – the ravers, the movie buffs, the shopaholics, the geeks and everyone in-between. I have no idea how you become a rock star scientist, are you born to be one? Are you found? Or nurtured? I guess it’s luck, there are loads of scientists out there that would make great presenters and role models but they need to be hunted out because unlike the wannabees on Has Britain Got Talent, they already have good jobs.  

Are you a scientist? Would you want to be the next Brian Cox?

Chocolate cravings: ‘it weren’t my fault guv, my orbitofrontal cortex dun it’

 

Given my own over-indulgence this Easter, I needed little excuse to hunt around in the neuroscience literature for some possibly-beyond-consious-control neural mechanism that means my unabashed chocolate scoffing is entirely not my fault (of course, that raises the whole issue of consciousness and the neural basis of free will, but that’s another story for another blog post…).

It’s an issue that isn’t entirely out of my remit, so this is also a great opportunity to intoduce a few key ideas related to my own research that will probably form the bulk of some future blogposts.  I spend most of my time studying a group of structures bang in the middle of the brain known as the ‘basal ganglia’ (not, as my sister calls them, the basal danglies).  They’re pretty old, evolutionarily speaking, and are heavily implicated in lots of different functions.

A couple of important functions here are believed to be learning associations between stimuli and reward (think Pavlov’s dog learning to associate a bell with food), and in representing predictions of the ‘reward value’ of an event or stimulus.  A quick caveat here: in the neurosciences, ‘reward’ is a term that can be bandied about a bit carelessly without being properly defined.  This can lead to a lot of talking across purposes and confusing poor PhD students in meetings (true story).  So, just to be clear, by reward I don’t just mean something that is intrinsically pleasurable, though this is included in the term. I regard reward as something that tends to ‘reinforce’ the behaviour that brought it about; it encourages us to do again whatever caused the reward**. So, ‘reward value’ may be thought of as the degree to which an event or stimulus is either pleasurable or reinforcing.

It has been demonstrated widely that (expected) reward value may be encoded in a region of the basal ganglia known as the ventral striatum (though trying to figure out whether it’s pronounced stree-ah-tum, stree-ay-tum or stry-ay-tum has robbed me of a disproportionate amount of good procrastination time).  This part of the brain is also implicated in influencing the actions we take based on motivational information.  Projecting to this area is a region known as orbitofrontal cortex.  This is a ‘new’ part of the brain in evolutionary terms, and sits just above the eyeballs.  It too appears to represent information relating to reward value, and has also been implicated in high level functions like suppressing instinctive responses and urges.  People who have damage to this region often show behavioural dysfunction such as impulsitivity and compulsiveness.***

So – where does chocolate come into all this?  I can only speak for myself of course, but I certainly find chocolate rewarding.  Spectacularly rewarding.  So rewarding that I’ve had to stop bringing spare change to work since the arrival of ‘Claudia’, our beautiful new departmental vending machine, for fear of ending up the size of a house before the year is out (it’s the galaxy caramels that really do a lot of damage).  To study the – rewarding, amongst other – effects of the sight and taste of chocolate on neural activity, Edmund Rolls and Ciara McCabe of Oxford University**** performed an fMRI study examining neural responses to chocolate in chocolate cravers and non-cravers.  The results were pretty interesting.

First of all, cravers showed more brain activity than non-cravers at the sight and the taste of chocolate in the orbitofrontal cortex (which I have mentioned above).  Even more interesting, sight and taste combined produced an effect even greater than the sum of the effects of sight and taste alone, and this was also yet more pronounced in cravers.  Cravers also showed a high correlation between brain activity here and how pleasant they said they found chocolate.  This shows that the higher the ‘pleasantness’ rating, the stronger the activity was.  Again, this was the case more for cravers than non cravers.

What is really interesting though, is that brain regions involved directly in the representation of taste, most specifically the anterior insula, did not show greater activation in cravers.  Neither was activity here correlated with pleasantness ratings.  Also, while ventral striatum showed greater activation in cravers at the sight of chocolate, there was no difference here between cravers and non cravers for the taste of chocolate.

This might all seem like an awful lot of interactions, but let’s look at it simply:  brain regions involved in representing reward value, and those involved in suppressing instinctive behaviour, were generally more active in cravers, particularly when anticipating – rather than consuming – chocolate.  Regions involved in taste showed no difference. Cravers also seemed more aware of their own future responses to receiving chocolate.  The upshot is that it probably isn’t the actual sensory experience of eating chocolate that influences cravings, but that the anticipation of a pleasurable experience is greater for cravers, and the subsequent reward is represented to a greater degree.  It may be that cravers have a stronger learned association between the notion of chocolate (including the sight of it) and the expectation of reward – this would explain the greater drive for cravers to eat chocolate.

So next time you find yourself craving a dairy milk, don’t be too hard on yourself.  Clearly, you’re just a brilliant learner, and that association between chocolate and reward is incredibly strongly represented in your highly efficient brain.  At least, that’s what I like to tell myself…

 

              

* Disclaimer bumpf: I nabbed this picture from wikipedia.  I don’t own it… I think I’m allowed to use it.

**Those in the know will be surprised that I haven’t mentioned the ‘phasic dopamine’ signal here. It is certainly relevant and may well act as a ‘do-it-again’ signal.  The reason I haven’t gotten into it here is because the exact nature of the signal is still hotly debated and to attempt to outline it in a paragraph or two would be to traverse a minefield/labyrinth/dreary conference hall of empassioned academics. However, watch this space, and it may well form the bulk of an extended future blog post.

***One famous case is that of Phineas Gage whose frontal lobes were severely damaged when a tamping iron impaled his skull. 

 

****The super interested can find the original paper here

Simon Singh wins key court case in his fight against libel

“Scientific controversies must be settled by the methods of science rather than by the methods of litigation. More papers, more discussion, better data, and more satisfactory models – not larger awards of damages – mark the path towards superior understanding of the world around us.” – Judge Easterbrook

This excellent comment from 1994 was quoted by one of the three High Court judges who today ruled that Simon Singh had been making legitimate comment not stating pure fact when he wrote in the Guardian that the British Science Association was promoting bogus treatments, i.e. they were not suported by the evidence. During the case Simon’s team presented all the scientific data to show why he felt it was right to make that commment. This means that Simon can use the “defence of fair comment” when the real trial begins later this year, however this has come at a cost of over £200,000! The cost of fighting libel actions prevents many writers, scientists and healthcare professionals from making legitamate public criticisms based on their professional opinions.

There is now growing support for libel reform in the British legal system which at the moment is an international disgrace abused by cowardly and dishonest organisations to silence criticism. If you want to show your support sign up at www.libelreform.org