The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

Posted on June 20, 2011 by Dominic Swain

Reviewed: The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot.

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Immortal-Life-Henrietta-Lacks/

On October 4^th 1951 an African American woman named Henrietta Lacks died in John Hopkins Hospital in East Baltimore, finally succumbing to multiple tumours which had metastasized from her cervical cancer. Despite her death, the contribution she has made indirectly to modern science continues to this day. In February 1951, when Henrietta was first administered radium treatment for cervical cancer, a sample of cancerous cells were taken from her cervix – without her knowledge. Henrietta’s cells provided an ‘immortal’ cell line that would perpetually divide when cultured. These cells were named ‘HeLa’ using the first two letters of the forename and surname of Henrietta Lacks. The cells soon became famous worldwide but Henrietta herself remained unknown.

This intriguing story is told masterfully by Rebecca Skloot in her book ‘The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks’. It is a story about HeLa cells, but also about Henrietta Lacks and the family who survived her. Although HeLa was distributed to research laboratories all over the world, the name of the cell donor remained largely unknown, often being given incorrectly as Helen Lane or Helen Larson. Cultured cells of HeLa have been grown in bulk, sold and distributed worldwide often at a large profit, and yet the family of Henrietta Lacks were not informed about the use of Henrietta’s cells or remunerated in any way. Skloot has attempted to redress this imbalance and bring into the open the full story.

This is a book about science, but it is certainly not a book heavy in scientific details. If you are only interested in learning the technical details of how HeLa cells are used in research, or about the ways in which they are cultured and investigated, then this is probably not the book for you. However, this is a book about the impact science has on us all. This remarkable story allows Skloot to highlight the wider ethical implications for scientific research. Science touches on many, if not nearly every, aspect of modern life and the story of HeLa shows how science can have a very personal and deeply emotional impact.

Skloot had become fascinated by the story of the woman behind HeLa when in graduate school and her book reflects years of research; she was also able to contact and befriend many of Henrietta’s relatives, in particular Henrietta’s daughter Deborah. This allows the reader to really connect with the story as we learn about Henrietta’s family and how they have been affected by the worldwide fame of HeLa. I enjoyed learning the background of the HeLa cells and about some of the key scientists working on early cell culturing methods; however, it was also an enjoyable and often emotional story which encouraged me to keep on reading.

A real strength of this book lies in the wonderful fusion between a touching real-life story and an eye-opening insight into scientific ethics and science communication. This book delves interestingly into the ethical debate concerning what consent should be given when tissues or blood samples are taken. It also examines science communication and how well scientists are able to convey information to the public. Added to this, the story of Henrietta and her family is moving and sometimes saddening, but ultimately uplifting and inspiring.

One thing worth noting is that a lot of the examples given in the book come from the practice of scientists in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. Science has moved on and things have changed for the better, but at times I’m not sure this came across. Also, a lot of the criticism is given with the eyes of 21^st century morality; we have to remember that the scientists who made decisions which now seem unethical did not have the luxury of hindsight that we do. I don’t wish to suggest that there are no remaining issues in science research, or ethical problems to iron out, but at times it felt that Skloot was giving a slightly biased view.

Nonetheless, any flaws that may exist did not detract from my enjoyment of the book. I have to say that I found ‘The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks’ engaging, interesting and persistently thought-provoking. The story of HeLa cells is one of great importance to those working with, or studying science – but also to anyone interested in any scientific discipline. I highly recommend the book as there is much for scientists and non-scientists alike to enjoy.

Dominant and Recessive Genes In Humans

Posted on June 18, 2011 by admin

As briefly referred to in the previous Genetics blog, for each of our genes we posess two ‘alleles’. One of these alleles in inherited from our father and one from our mother. There can be many different alleles for one gene and it can be completely up to chance, or perhaps luck, what we inherit from our parents. When speaking in general terms about dominant and recessive alleles, we tend to speak about genes as if for each of them there are two different alleles. This is not always, or often, the case, but it sometimes is and makes it much easier to explain this way.

For example, for a particular gene, say the ability to roll your tongue, there is a dominant and a recessive gene. We can call the dominant allele ‘R’ for being able to roll our tongue and the recessive allele ‘r’ for being unable to roll our tongue. Our parents could posess any combination of these alleles: AA, aa or Aa. Then, it is completely down to chance what we inherit from them.

One unexpected example is that the allele for dwarfism in humans is the dominant allele and the allele for normal growth is recessive. This means that if we inherited both of the different alleles for this gene we would show the dwarfism trait.

Below is a table of dominant and recessive traits shown in humans.

Dominant Trait in Humans	Recessive Trait in Humans
A blood type	O blood type
Abundant body hair	Little body hair
Astigmatism	Normal vision
B blood type	O blood type
Baldness (in male)	Not bald
Broad lips	Thin lips
Broad nose	Narrow nose
Dwarfism	Normal growth
Hazel or green eyes	Blue or gray eyes
High blood pressure	Normal blood pressure
Large eyes	Small eyes
Migraine	Normal
Mongolian Fold	No fold in eyes
Nearsightedness	Normal vision
Rh factor (+)	No factor (Rh -)
Second toe longest	First or big toe longest
Short stature	Tall stature
Six fingers	Five fingers normal
Webbed fingers	Normal fingers
Tone deafness	Normal tone hearing
White hair streak	Normal hair coloring

When we are speaking about the inheritance of alleles and the genetic make-up of a person with respect to one gene, we use one of two phrases. The first is homozygous, meaning that the two alleles an individual posesses for one gene are the same i.e. AA or aa. The second is heterozygous, meaning that the two alleles an individual posesses for one gene are different i.e. Aa.

By Robyn Bradbury

Blood Groups Could Become a Thing of the Past

Posted on March 27, 2011 by admin

Written by Matt Farley

New research from McGill University in Canada could do away with the need to classify blood by ‘type’, following a new technique to prevent mismatched blood from being rejected after a transfusion.

Along with the well-known A, B and O blood groups, there are a further 26 different blood types which have to be matched carefully when carrying out a blood transfusion – a mismatch can lead to the donated blood being rejected by the body which can be fatal. The ideal situation is for a ‘universal’ blood type which would be compatible with any recipient blood type.

Rejection occurs when the antigens on the surface of the donor red blood cells are of a different type to those on the recipient’s cells – previous attempts at avoiding this have focused on either removing the surface antigens from the donated blood using enzymes, or producing the blood outside the body from stem cells. These techniques have shown some success, but are hindered by their expense and complexity. The latest method, presented by Dr. Maryam Tabrizian and colleagues, instead aims to cover up the antigens and hide them from the host immune system – known as ‘immunocamouflage’.

Red blood cells from a selection of volunteers were coated in a layer of polyelectrolytes – small repeating units which self-assemble on the cell surface. Previous attempts at coating cells in this way using yeast and E.coli had shown promise, but it remained to be seen whether the delicate red blood cells would be able to withstand the process.

After coating, the cells were exposed to their opposite antibody and observed for any agglutination, or clumping of cells, that occurred. The coated cells were shown to remain free after addition of the antibody, suggesting that the antibodies had failed to recognise and bind the cell surface antigens. This was in contrast to the uncoated cells, which clumped together in the manner normally seen when mismatched blood samples are mixed.

Perhaps most importantly, the red blood cells showed no significant reduction in their ability to take up oxygen, implying that they would still be able to carry out their function within the body. The cells were also seen to produce ATP, an energy carrier – a good sign that metabolism was also functioning as normal.

It remains to be seen whether the technique will be as effective when tested in a living organism, but the results obtained so far appear promising. If effective, future blood transfusions could become a lot easier, and a lot less dangerous.

The paper accompanying this article is available online:

http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/presspac/presspac/full/10.1021/bm101200c

Red blood cells

Life Ascending

Posted on March 21, 2011 by Robin Bisson

Reviewed: ‘Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution’ by Nick Lane

In October 2010, the Royal Society Prize for Science Books went to Nick Lane for his book ‘Life Ascending’, so it only seemed appropriate to give it a read and see what all the fuss was about. Thankfully it won’t be the last book prize the Royal Society will award, which looked likely to be the case until recently, since Winton Capital Management have signed a 5 year sponsorship deal giving birth to the mouthfilling Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books. Excellent.

With such high acclaim I approached Life Ascending with some enthusiasm, which was rapidly deflated when I found out Nick Lane is a biochemist – a field that has never exactly grabbed my imagination. But it is testament to Lane’s skill as a writer that he managed to keep me not just engaged but enthralled while explaining some of the finer points of biomolecular processes. However the book is more than just biochemistry, it is a run-down (or rather run-up) of 10 inventions of evolution that have had the greatest impact on the world, ranging from conditions in which the first proteins and genetic molecules were formed right up to consciousness and, surprisingly, death.

Of course, such a sweeping tour of the history of life on earth covers huge swathes of scientific topics, each with their own history, points of debate and unsolved mysteries, and Lane guides the reader through with what he personally regards as the most plausible theories. In doing so, he fills you in with lots of interesting backstories, eccentric scientists and industry quips (like “the second law of Leslie Orgel: Evolution is cleverer than you are”). For fear of getting lost in the details and asides the reader is often brought back to the big questions, such as why life only arose once from the common ancestor of all living things, or the evolutionary logic behind death. I think this is the greatest strength of the book: the mixture of light asides, big questions and fascinating details all held together in a logical structure that equally entertains and informs.

Lane receives a lot of praise for the elegance of his writing, and it is certainly displayed in passages like the description of the “futuristic cityscape” of the inner workings of a cell from the point of view of a single biomolecule. It is in the more biochemical chapters that you feel Lane is at home and enjoyably in command. While the later chapters are still fascinating (I was blown away by how birds’ lungs work), they don’t quite have the sparkle or the argument of earlier chapters – consciousness in particular was more of a run-through than a narrative. Nonetheless, it is clear why Life Ascending was awarded the Royal Society prize: Nick Lane makes a fantastic tour guide through the wonders of evolution.

Next to be reviewed:

‘Trick or Treatment?’ by Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst – the book that kicked off Simon Singh’s well publicized libel case. I’ll try and keep the defamation to a minimum…

Now Wash Your Hands

Posted on June 28, 2010 by admin

Now you can wash WITH bacteria!

Cleaner Science an Etsy store (like eBay but entirely for individual shops hand-made goods) selling Petri dish soaps inspired by bacterial physiology: the growth medium, colony morphology, growth patterns, and color changes on any particular medium are taken into account for each bacterial species represented in the full range of soaps. Cleaner Science is owned by enterprising Pharmacy student from Houston, Texas who also offers glow-in-the-dark Dapi-esque and GFP-esque soaps and even offers a ‘design your own’ facility. Each soap is made from natural ingredients and definitely does not offer an authentic fragrance! Apple, Sweet Pea, Coconut, E. coli! Find them on Facebook

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Study Scientifique

Posted on June 27, 2010 by admin

And for my first trick… let me bring your attention to Study Scientifique, a post I did for the Craft Candy blog last year. The Art-Science Adventures blog will catalogue the crafty side of science - be it oversized stuffed microbes, DNA-banded bangles or crochet crystal structures. Check back here for featured DIY projects and tutorials, downloadable freebies, new and noteworthy articles, and excellent one-of-a-kind gift ideas for Scientists.

Science Brainwaves

Tag Archives: biology